Prisoners with Substance Abuse and Mental Health Problems Research Paper

Detainees with Substance Abuse and Mental Health Problems - Research Paper Example This article composed by Diamond, Harzke, Magaletta and Baxter (2009) looks to figure out who looks for mental administrations when entering penitentiaries. Not many investigations have tried to clarify the regular qualities among prisoners looking for psychological sicknesses. This examination looks to decide the attributes of the inmate’s mentioning mental administrations upon their admission to jail. The analysts used a quantitative examination including an example populace of 2,600 guilty parties that were recently admitted to a government detainment office. During this exploratory examination members were evaluated utilizing oneself detailing appraisal the Psychological Services Inmate Questionnaire (PSIQ). Members originated from 14 penitentiaries all through various areas in medium hazard offices. The examination test comprised of 2068 men (n=2068) and 606 ladies (n=606). The race organization of the investigation was 41% African American, 26% White, 32% Hispanic and 2% other. One-fifth of the members were non-United States residents. All measurable investigation was finished utilizing SPSS. The investigation presumed that 79% of all members had youngsters. What's more, male members were more youthful than female members. Females were bound to report past emotional well-being treatment including prescription use, self-destructive ideation, and general psychological well-being sicknesses with the avoidance of mental trips. The most normally revealed side effects of psychological instabilities compared with manifestations of melancholy and tension in the two people inspected. Of the members tested just 11% mentioned mental administrations/treatment while imprisoned. In light of the consequences of the examination scientists further speculate that numerous people entering jail offices experienced psychological wellness sicknesses preceding their imprisonment. Further examination is expected to affirm this theory. This performed by Morgan and Patrick (2008) tries to decide the impacts of telemental wellbeing administrations on inmates.â  â

Describing people Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portraying individuals - Assignment Example Make certain to portray for every one their physical appearance, air and positive or negative picture. The New Wife: Marc’s new spouse Alice is depicted as darker looking and stout, a hearty blue peered toward light, delicate with wavy hair. She is over-liberal and extravagant, satisfied and content with her better half and his mindful disposition. She is normally inquisitive about her husband’s ex and approaches him about the purposes behind the separation, as anybody would normally need to know. She is sure however by and by inquisitive to realize what the ex discovered ailing in Marc. The Ex-Wife: Marc’s ex is depicted as the lady dressed in white, with dull smooth, shiny hair and blue eyes. She seems, by all accounts, to be a sophisticate and is difficult to it would be ideal if you as Marc has told Alice. Alice may have discovered her boss for some time yet can rest content in the information that she is the one with Marc now, while his ex feasts alone. 2. C ompose a paper portraying which of the accompanying articulations you think best depicts the character of Alice, the subsequent spouse. Give your preferred quantity and quickly guard it. Use in any event one model from the determination to help your thoughts: 1. She is a mindful individual starting to scrutinize the astuteness of her choice. 2. She is a shallow individual effortlessly influenced by the assessments of others. 3. She is a cheerfully hitched individual displaying characteristic interest. 4. Other - Describe Alice in your own words and afterward guard your announcement. As I would like to think, (3) Alice is a cheerfully hitched individual displaying characteristic interest. She is very deferential of her better half and a piece of the story makes them look him over and considering what made his first spouse leave him†¦ â€Å"She was looking with quick consideration at her significant other's face, with its great shading and customary shape, at his thick hair with its incidental string of white silk, at his little, all around thought about hands. She felt questionable just because, and asked herself: What more did she need, at that point? (Colette, 1) and â€Å"She demonstrated overpowering appreciation to her better half. She was forward without knowing it and her whole individual uncovered over-prominent indications of extraordinary happiness.†(Colette,1). It is human instinct to be interested about her spouse’s ex and why they separated and following her husband’s clarification, this makes Alice wonder why the ex ‘the lady dressed in white’ - was so difficult to please. All things considered, Alice would have been satisfied to see that she was eating alone, as it would approve her husband’s articulation. 3. Rundown three encounters that Sasaki relates in her tale. After each experience, portray her responses to the experience. At that point, depict the point you think Sasaki is attempting to make b y relating this account. One experience that Sasaki relates in ‘Another Writer’s Beginnings’ is that her sister was not as excessively worried about outward appearances as she seemed to be. Conversely, Sasaki viewed herself as an appalling example of mankind directly from the earliest starting point. She quantifies her excellence as per her reasonableness to being a Mousketeer at age five, while her sister who is three years more seasoned than her was sensible enough to realize that it is difficult for a Japanese to resemble a Mouseketeer at any rate (Sasaki,1). Furthermore, Sasaki is immensely frustrated by her school picture taken at 5 years of age and even her mom who was ordinarily a positivist let out a moan of scorn subsequent to review the image. Indeed, even she was unable to discover any uplifting statements (Sasaki, 1). Thirdly, now and again Sasaki even wanted that she could resemble her companion Marilyn who was charming and looked comparable to Shirl ey Temple in pictures. She thought at any rate that would comfort her folks and extra them the shame of having such an

Measuring Online PR Effectiveness

Measuring Online PR Effectiveness Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Measuring Online PR EffectivenessUpdated On 10/01/2016Author : Ram kumarTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://hbb.me/1zefW6i CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogWithout standardization of measurement practices in the PR industry, Public Relations professionals won’t know how to quantify a campaign’s impact. As competition increases and budgets face greater scrutiny, the ability to accurately assess a campaign’s effects and communicate PR’s value in achieving the organization’s goals is paramount.Measuring Online PR EffectivenessThe topic of measurement is an ongoing debate within the industry and academia, and is a key theme within GW’s Strategic Public Relations master’s program curriculum. While the guidelines outlined by recognized authorities provides a general structure for identifying WHAT to measure, the industry has yet to establish a clear standard for HOW we interpret and quantify these measurements to determine effect and ROI. One theme has become clear, however: measurement is getting more refined, and audience engagement and response carries the most weight.INFOGRAPHIC SOURCE: [The George Washington University]READ10 Habits That Can Make You A Better Content Writer

Gender Stereotyping Movie Vs. Old Disney Movies

Running head: Gender Stereotyping in Disney Movies Gender Stereotyping in New v. Old Disney Movies Maggie Box Union College I affirm that I carried out this lab with full academic honesty. Gender Stereotyping in New v. Old Disney Movies This study set out to examine the differences of gender stereotyping between old and new Disney movies. As a group, we watched nine movies in total. We watched one together, to test our observer reliability. Once confirming observer reliability was over eighty percent, we each watched two films on our own, one â€Å"new† Disney movie and one â€Å"old† and shared data. While watching, we specifically looked for actions that illustrated six characteristics that we predetermined were usually†¦show more content†¦Verbal aggression defined as a behavior that attempts to harm, intimidate, put down or threaten using language. Commanding defined as giving a direct statement with instructions or orders to someone else. Finally, rescuing defined as the attempt to get someone else out of unwanted or dangerous situations, without having to be successful. This is an important study because when children watch these movies, they are exposed to gender stereotypes that can influence their understanding of their own or opposite gender through an inaccurate portrayal. By looking at the attributes mentioned above in Disney films that were released prior to 1972 as opposed to post 1972, allows scholars the ability to see if gender stereotyping is becoming more or less equal and accurate as throughout time. In a study done by Huston et al. (1989), it was found that television was the center of the majority of children’s time and attention. This particularly applied to children in low-income and minority families who did not have the financial resources to provide other activities and media sources to occupy their children’s time. This article stated that television has an impact on children in three main ways: as an educator, a source for social learning and a way to advertise and sell products. The article also discussed many of the public

Analysis Of Crips And The Bloods Essay - 1375 Words

The documentary Crips and the Bloods: Made in America tells the dramatic story of the perpetual gang violence that runs the streets of Los Angeles, California. Gaining an inside look at how and why this violence is continued, the video focuses on the individuals that are affected by the gangs. Families are torn apart due to endless murders, children are taught to hate and act violently towards their neighbors, and people lose their soul to the gangs that they call their families. Of course every person must make a choice to engage in this sort of life, but sometimes these people are put into situations where there are no other options. In order to further think about what has caused and maintained the violence in the LA area, we can look towards Agnew’s General Strain Theory and the Labeling Theory. Robert Agnew developed his theory called General Strain Theory based off of Robert Merton’s Classic Strain Theory. Agnew introduced three types of strain. Generally, â€Å" the higher the dose of strain that a person experiences the greater the likelihood of the person becoming engaged in crime or in some form of deviance† (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 1989). A journal article called â€Å"General Strain Theory and Delinquency: the Developmental Process of Robert Agnew’s Works from a Historical Perspective† says that â€Å"the strain may result from when others (1) prevent an individual from achieving positively valued goals; (2) remove positively valued stimuli pertaining to individual; (3) presentShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Crips And The Bloods Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pages In Crips and the Bloods we see multiple examples of labels continuing crime. First off, most of the children born in this area are black and poor. Already they are labeled and stereotyped as being dangerous to communities, useless to society, and destined for failure. One man says â€Å"I grew up in the hood, I was born in the hood, I was raised in the hood, and I’m going to die in the hood. I didn’t choose my destiny, my destination chose me† (Peralta, 2008). This phrase demonstrates the power of aRead MoreAnalysis Of The Documentary Crips And Bloods 1241 Words   |  5 PagesThe documentary Crips and Bloods: Made in America (2008) focuses on conditions and causes of gang violence in Los Angeles, California, as well as the history and background of the main gangs that reside there. The information in the film is compiled from interviews of past and present members of the Crips and Bloods, which are the two main gangs that contribute to the violence in the area. The interviewees explain how the gangs work and the conditions under which these people live daily. There canRead MoreAnalysis Of Stacy Peralta s Film, Lords Of Dogtown And Z Boys And Crips And Bloods1395 Words   |  6 Pagesdirector for the latter. For my final essay, I chose to explore Stacy Peralta’s approach to documentary filmmaking/directing. In his career, Peralta has worked on many films, but for my paper, I am going to focus on two: Dogtown and Z-Boys and Crips and Bloods: Made in America. The first Stacy Peralta directed film that I have ever seen was Dogtown and Z-Boys. Initially, I was looking for Lords of Dogtown and when I mistakenly came across Dogtown and Z-Boys, I was disappointed because it was not whatRead MoreEssay On Gangs890 Words   |  4 Pagesother set or killing regular civilians. Some of the gangs involved in murder are bloods, crips, black p stone, tiny rascals,hells angels, and latin kings and are all gangs in America. Bloods is a name of a gang in America, originally founded by Ronald Herron and Sylvester Scott, also known as black disciples have committed plenty of crimes. Crimes such as robbery, drug trafficking, prostitution, kidnapping, and murder. Bloods wear the color red, red is the initial color that represents them. They go byRead MoreGangs Of Gangs1136 Words   |  5 Pagesthings such as, clothing and tattoos. The well known gangs around the nation are the Bloods and the Crips. The Bloods can be identified by the color red that they wear and also by the way they wear their clothes. They also can be identified by tattoos and other markings on their body. Graffiti is another way they can be identified since may gangs will tag a wall with markings that identify with their gang. Crips on the other hand wear blue to represent their gang. They often wear blue bandanas andRead MoreThe Two National Threats : Drugs And Gangs1838 Words   |  8 Pages Nathaniel Louis Rogers Assistant Professor Michelle Holcomb Analysis of Police Operations- CJ 3350 November 26,2014 The Two National Threats: Drugs and Gangs Nathaniel L. Rogers Assistant Professor Michelle Holcomb CJ 3350 Analysis of Police Operations 26 November 2014 The Two National Threats: Drugs and Gangs While conducting research on the different drugs and gangs in our country, and other countries around the world, I found out a lot of interesting facts. I found severalRead MoreCompulsory Rotatory Internship Programme ( Crip ) And The Preferred Post Graduate Specialities Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesLong working hours and stressful working environment along with the immense pressure of impending PG entrance exam hinder the affectivity of the Compulsory Rotatory Internship Programme (CRIP). Our study is an attempt to find the views regarding Compulsory Rotatory Internship Programme (CRIP) and the preferred post graduate specialities among interns from NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Nagpur. METHOD A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted; the questionnaireRead MoreThe Shift of Culture in Compton and the Transcendent Cultural Effect it Formed in America972 Words   |  4 Pagesparents’ success, were now hanging their heads. By 1970 the Bloods and the Crips were created right outside of Compton. The â€Å"crack explosion† of the 1980’s only intensified crime, violence, and murder rates. From middle-class to neighborhood terror, the prosperity relinquished by African Americans in Compton had promptly crumbled right in front of everyone’s eyes. The issues created during this period still have an influence today; Bloods and Crips are still prevalent gangs in 2014. Compton was dangerousRead MoreInfluence Of Gangs On Adolescents2333 Words   |  10 Pagesdifferent films, Crips and Bloods, A Better Life, and Gran Torino. The films each explore the social settings of three distinct minority groups; the paper notes and describes several similarities among the groups. These include widespread poverty, discrimination from the dominant social order, and the lack of availability of normal social opportunities. The General Theory of Crime is examined and used to explain why these minority adolescents act out the way they do. This analysis is an attempt toRead MoreThe War On Drugs Is A New Form Of Jim Crow870 Words   |  4 Pagesand were the new form of protection but proliferated many neighborhoods beyond belief (Canada). Disputes between gang members such the Bloods and Crips heightened violence, which spewed over into white neighborhoods. Author Canada dispels the myths that violence is unique to a particular group; violence should be looked a t a historical perspective. His analysis shows violence has hasten to progress from fist fights, stick fights, and stabbings have lead to 9 millimeter, 44 magnum and .38 caliber

Violence And The Inner City Code - 936 Words

The Bond connects to a lot of information from our textbook and class discussions. To begin with, article 28 in our textbook titled Violence and the Inner-City Code relates to this book. For instance, the article talks about how by simply living in such an environment such as the inner city; young people are put at special risk of falling victim to aggressive behavior. This was shown in the section of The Bond written by Sampson. He tells a story that between the summer of his junior and senior years of high school him and his friends got the idea of robbing drug dealers to make some quick money. In order to do this, they preyed on young drug salesmen, pulling a gun on them, taking their money, and driving off. The plan worked for a little while, but then fell through. While they were robbing someone, two policemen walked up. Sampson pretended to by a bystander while his friends tried to outrun the police. They failed, and ended up being detained. Sampson ran home and told his older sister everything, which then made him call the cops the next day. Soon enough, Sampson ended up serving four weeks at the Essex County youth house (106-107). Just because Sampson lived where he did, he got drawn into aggressive behavior and ended up paying for it. The article in the textbook also states that there are often forces that can counteract the negative influences- by far the most powerful is a strong, loving, â€Å"decent† family committed to middle-class values. This wasShow MoreRelatedReview of Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City1533 Words   |  7 Pages For this assignment I decided to read the book Code of the Street: decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city by Elijah Anderson. This book is about how inner city people live and try and survive by living with the code of the streets. The code of the streets is basically morals and values that these people have. Most of the time it is the way they need to act to survive. Continuing on within this book review I am going to discuss the main points and arguments that Anderson portraysRead MoreCode Of The Street And My Understanding1345 Words   |  6 Pages Code of the Street And My Understanding Pramod Adhikari Sociology 101 CCBC, Essex Code of the Street And My Understanding Elijah Anderson’s Code of Street is an ethnographic study of several neighborhoods in Philadelphia in the early to mid-1990s. This book is mainly focus on the criminal elements, economical, educational, social, and judicial system in the African American communities. Anderson did several interviews, field observations and researches for four years to demonstrateRead MoreSchool Dress Codes By Krystal Miller948 Words   |  4 Pagesthat not having a school dress code could lead to violence over something so simple as to what a person might own or wear? To many people s surprise, school dress codes can be a very important topic to discuss at any and every public school. This essay will summarize, critique, and evaluate the article School Dress Codes by Krystal Miller. During the time period that the article was written, violence was beginning to become an issue in many large, urban cities. In Krystal Miller s article,Read MoreDecent and Street People in the Code of the Streets by Elijah Anderson1679 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Code of the Streets,† Elijah Anderson explains the differences between â€Å"decent† and â€Å"street† people that can be applied to the approaches of social control, labeling, and social conflict theories when talking about the violence among inner cities due to cultural adaptations. Anderson’s theory examined African Americans living in America’s inner cities that are driven to follow the â€Å"street code† and work to maintain respect, loyalty, and their own self-image. The â€Å"street code† AndersonRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Elijah Anderson 1150 Words   |  5 PagesIn his book Elijah Anderson tries to describe how life is, living in a black poor community in an American town known as Inner-city. In this area everyone is struggling financially and seem distant from the rest of America. The main social class in this town is the â€Å"decent† and the â€Å"street† families as the community has labeled them. The labeling by the local is as a result of social contest between the inhabitants. The line between a decent and street family is usually very thin, it’s based on aRead MoreMr. Rogers Neighborhood1489 Words   |  6 Pagesmany youths in impoverished inner city neighborhoods, the streets of Clemmons’ childhood neighborhood are more relatable than the cheerful blocks the actor patrolled on television. 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Anderson notes that two groups coexist simultaneously in the inner-cities which he labels as theRead MoreThe inclination to violence stems from several circumstances of life among the poor the stigma of600 Words   |  3 PagesThe inclination to violence stems from several circumstances of life among the poor; the stigma of race, drug use and drug trafficking, and lack of employment, as well as the media and, family/peer association. The Code of the Streets by Elijah Anderson, is a groundbreaking essay the social scientist wrote, taking us inside of a world that most of us only read about. Anderson shows us how a frantic search for acceptance and respect governs social relations among the African American race; primarilyRead MoreMethods Of Neutralization Are Excuses And Justifications That Account For Criminal Behavior1131 Words   |  5 Pageshigher authorities means sacrificing social values, appealing to higher authorities, always excuses their behavior, excusing v. justifying depending on norms. An example would be, I know it was wrong but I did it for my family. People neutralize their violence of crime because society expects them to and are expected to account for their deviant/criminal behavior. In the article, On the Run: Wanted Men in a Philadelphia Ghetto Alice Goffman explains the implications of her ethnographic observations relativeRead MoreEssay about Disproportionate Minority Contact1071 Words   |  5 Pagesas a whole. The interplay between the media, the criminal justice system, and the public has a huge influence on discrimination within the system. Another big factor in the disproportionate minority contact is the fact that the poor, troubled inner cities are filled with mostly minorities. The culture within these poor neighborhoods perpetuates a crime mentality that becomes an easy target for the criminal justice system. I argue that the discrimination doesn’t come from a racial bias but rather

Launching Personal Care Products in Sheng Siong-Free-Samples

Question: Write a Reopt on Launching personal care products in Sheng Siong. Answer: Introdauction The project focuses on launching personal care products in Sheng Siong which is one of the grocery and fresh food supermarket in Singapore. The supermarket wants to expand its business in different fields and as a result it took the decision of launching personal care products. The various personal care products that it wanted to launch include shampoo, conditioner, toothbrush as well as toothpaste. It is identified that supermarket was visited by local people who generally came for buying various grocery products and if personal care products are also present then it would be found beneficial for both the supermarket as well as customers. In this paper, importance of network diagram as well as Gantt chart is illustrated. The paper illustrates factors that are helpful in minimizing project duration, monitoring progress as well as outsourcing. In addition to this, the paper also focuses on the risks that are associated with project and provides proper recommendations for minimizing the risks. Network and Gantt chart Network diagram Network diagram is defined as a graphical representation of the project which mainly comprises of various series of both connected boxes as well as arrows for illustrating the inter-relationship between various activities that is mainly involved within the project (Kerzner 2013). It is found that the boxes as well as nodes generally helps in representing inter-relationship between various activities and arrows are generally helpful in representing the relationship between various activities. Figure 1: Network Diagram (Source: Created by Author) The importance of network diagram is illustrated below: Network diagram is helpful in justifying time estimate for the project: Network diagram of the project reflects the procedure with which the activities are generally interrelated with each other from the beginning till the end of the project (Burke 2013). After determining the critical path of the project helps in providing proper duration of the project. Network diagram helps in planning, organizing as well as controlling:The network diagram reflects that project activities are generally highlighted in sequence with their interrelationship. The network diagram of the project is helpful for the project manager as well as team during organizing as well as planning. Network diagram reflects interdependence of activities:As interdependencies of activities are quite visible in the network diagram, it is quite easier to see how the activities depend on each other. Network diagram reflects the workflow of project activities: With the help of network diagram, the project team will get to know about the sequence if various project activities (Fleming and Koppelman 2016). At a certain point in the project, network diagram will be very much beneficial to know the status of the project activities. Gantt chart Figure 2: Gantt chart (Source: Created by Author) Risk management Risk Type of risk Risk statement Impact Probability Risk exposure Risk mitigation Inaccurate gathering of information Negative risk If the information about the project is not gathered properly then it is quite difficult for the project managers to complete the task within the assumed budget and time. Medium likely Medium It is quite important to gather information associated with the project properly and for this experienced project managers must be hired. Improper estimation of budget Negative risk If the budget for the project is not estimated properly then the organization will face financial pressure. high Very likely medium The budget of the project must be estimated after understanding the requirements of the project properly. Improper theme selection Negative risk If the theme for the project is not selected properly then the organization would face difficulty in launching the products. High Very likely High Theme selection of the project must be done properly so that the products within the organization can be easily launched. Improper management of social media activity Negative risk If the social media activity is not managed properly before launching of the personal products then the expected outcome of the project will not reflect positive result. Moderate likely medium It is quite important to manage the activity of social media before launching the product in the event Scheduling resources Resource scheduling is defined as one of the technique that is generally utilized for calculating various resources that are generally needed in order to deliver the entire project work (Mir and Pinnington 2014). It is identified that scheduling resources generally helps in ensuring efficient as well as effective utilization, and assists in identifying resources easily. According to Flyvbjerg (2013), scheduling is quite important in project in order to organize as well as complete the entire project within the time and budget. Effective project scheduling plays an important role in order to ensure the success of the project. It is quite important to assign different resources effectively within the project for keeping the entire projects on tracks as well as for setting proper as well as realistic time frames. This typically helps in minimizing cost and enhancing satisfaction of the customers. It is stated by Phillips (2013) that project scheduling generally helps in impacting the overall finances of an organization. This is considered true when the resources have proper knowledge as well as skills for completing the task when the project requires costly materials. Project completion within a short time frame is costly as more number of additional resources as well as materials is required. It is opined by Turner (2016), that project scheduling gene rally helps in ensuring that one task gets completed in a quality manner before the initiation of the next task within the process. By properly assuring that quality measures that are adopted helps in meeting various expectations at every step. Reducing project duration An experienced project manager helps its team in uncovering various opportunities for saving time by properly ordering tasks as well as by removing false dependencies from the project. It is identified that there are number of ways in which the duration of the project reduces but the project gets completed without compromising the scope or quality (Steyn et al. 2016). The steps include: Outsourcing tasks of the project: If some of the tasks of the project are outsourced then it will be quite easier to complete the project before the duration (Cicmil et al. 2017). Therefore in order to save time duration of the project without compromising the quality can be done by outsourcing some of the activities of the project so that the burden of the project from the team members reduces little bit and they will be able to complete the tasks in a short period of time. Using additional resources: If additional resources are utilized in the project then it will be quite easier to complete the entire project before the duration ad as a result time duration of the project generally minimizes without compromising the project quality. Eliminating false dependencies: Every task of the project must have proper successor as well as predecessor. It is identified that dependencies are mainly expressed as hard as well as finish -start predecessors (Hwang and Ng 2013). If dependencies of the project are properly documented then it will be helpful in reflecting the real overlap of the work that can generally found in the schedule without impacting the execution of the project. Establishing scope for the starting of the project: It is found that proper establishment of project scope before the team helps in reducing the non-productive tine from the starting phase of the project. It is quite important to understand the scope of the project, high level requirements before executing the entire project. This helps in making the entire team productive from the starting day of the project. Tracking time: It is quite important to track time for each of the activities of the project in order to complete a given project. It is identified that not only the steps are tracked but it is quite important to track the time that is required for completing each of the project activities (Serra and Kunc 2015). Proper time tracking is important as it helps in eliminating the wastage of time and assists in completing project before the duration. Outsourcing Outsourcing helps in allowing the organization Sheng Siong to subcontract one of the particular areas of the project. The various outsources that are utilized in the project in order to reduce time duration without compromising the quality of the project are elaborated below: Training: The activity of training must be outsourced so that the staff of the organization must be trained properly and thus the project can be executed easily before the duration of the project (Pemsel and Wiewiora 2013). Outsourcing training activity not only helps in complete the activity of the project before time but also assists in creating proper outcome within the project. Creation of marketing plan: The marketing plan is outsourced so that it can be created properly so that it would helps in creating positive outcome within the project. It is identified that outsourcing the marketing plan helps in reducing the project duration. Theme selection: Selection of theme is outsourced so that proper as well as unique theme is selected for the project that is not only helpful in reducing the burden but also assists in completing the project before time (Joslin and Muller 2015). Monitoring progress The monitoring progress of the project can be highlighted by reflecting the utilization of earned value as well as scheduling and cost control in the project:- Earned value management: Earned value management is defined as one of the technique that helps in controlling cost as well as time performance within a project for predicting the final project duration as well as cost. It is considered as one of the easy tool that can be utilized in the project in order to detect early warning signals for detecting various problems and also for exploiting various opportunities of the project (Beringer, Jonas and Kock 2013). Earned value forecasting approach assists in predicting the final project cost as well as duration. The basic assumptions that are generally made for forecasting earned value management within the project can be measured with the help of SPI metrics for time as well as CPI for the cost. In addition to this, it is identified that project outcome can be forecasted for predicting the final cost of the project. Scheduling and cost control: Scheduling as well as cost control is considered as the concept that generally helps in serving the foundation of the project management. The project managers must establish schedule as well as budget before the project initiation phase. It is identified that setting parameter helps in both time as well as cost time frameworks for laying the entire groundwork for following the tasks. It is identified that organizations must engage in various production processes as well as projects (Martinsuo 2013). This important factor helps in making the opportunity cost another significant consideration during budgeting as well as scheduling. Project closure Explanation Project closure is defined as the last phase of the project management procedure. It is identified that upon the end of the project implementation phase, preliminary acceptance of various results of the project is generally accomplished (Ahern, Leavy and Byrne 2014). Project closure generally involves handing various deliverables to the customers that helps in passing the documentation to the business by cancelling various contracts of the supplier and by releasing the different equipment of the staff. Wrapping closure activities The closure activities of the project are as follows: Reviewing the launched product Stakeholder sign off and Documentation Performance evaluation The performance of the project must be measured properly with the help of monitoring system as well as significant key indicators. The components include: Proper tracking of project activities: Proper track of the project activities must e kept in order to ensure that the project activities are progressing properly and the activities will be completed within the estimated time and budget. Completion of project activities on time: If the project activities are completed successfully within the assumed time then the performance of the project can be determined easily (Pemsel and Wiewiora 2013). Arranging meetings: If meetings are arranged in weekly basis, then the project managers will get an idea about the performance of the project activities. The project managers will get to know the entire status of the project. Retrospectives Retrospectives are considered as a procedure in which team generally helps in reflecting on the iteration for identifying actions that helps in improving the project further. The agile retrospectives can be considered as one of the lesson learned meeting. The team can easily address everything in order to decide changes for making the next iteration References Ahern, T., Leavy, B. and Byrne, P.J., 2014. Complex project management as complex problem solving: A distributed knowledge management perspective.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1371-1381. Beringer, C., Jonas, D. and Kock, A., 2013. Behavior of internal stakeholders in project portfolio management and its impact on success.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), pp.830-846. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Cicmil, S., Cooke-Davies, T., Crawford, L. and Richardson, K., 2017, April. Exploring the complexity of projects: Implications of complexity theory for project management practice. Project Management Institute. Fleming, Q.W. and Koppelman, J.M., 2016, December. Earned value project management. Project Management Institute. Flyvbjerg, B., 2013. From Nobel prize to project management: getting risks right.arXiv preprint arXiv:1302.3642. Hwang, B.G. and Ng, W.J., 2013. Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), pp.272-284. Joslin, R. and Mller, R., 2015. Relationships between a project management methodology and project success in different project governance contexts.International Journal of Project Management,33(6), pp.1377-1392. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Martinsuo, M., 2013. Project portfolio management in practice and in context.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), pp.794-803. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), pp.202-217. Pemsel, S. and Wiewiora, A., 2013. Project management office a knowledge broker in project-based organisations.International Journal of Project Management,31(1), pp.31-42. Phillips, J., 2013.PMP, Project Management Professional (Certification Study Guides). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Serra, C.E.M. and Kunc, M., 2015. Benefits realisation management and its influence on project success and on the execution of business strategies.International Journal of Project Management,33(1), pp.53-66. Steyn, H., Dekker, A.H., Kuschke, B., Van Eck, B.P.S. and Visser, K., 2016.Project management: A multi-disciplinary approach. FPM Publishing. Turner, R., 2016.Gower handbook of project management. Routledge

Factors Affecting Customer Loyalty free essay sample

The growth for mobile service has been gradually developing from a total number of subscribers of 1. 513 million at the end of 1996 to 7. 477 million in 2001. (Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission, MCMC) The market for the telecommunication industry in Malaysia is highly competitive. This industry is currently dominated by 3 operators Telekom, Maxis and DiGi. For example, as Maxis Communications Berhad (â€Å"Maxis†) being one of the most favorable choice for users, Maxis believes that the main competitive factors in the mobile services market are network coverage, service quality, pricing and brand. Therefore, these could be the main factors that determine the level of customer loyalty towards Maxis. A critical issue for the continued success of a firm is its capability to retain its current customers and make them loyal to its brands (Dekimpe et al. , 1997). Customer loyalty is vital to a company as disloyal customers can amount to millions of lost revenue and profit. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Affecting Customer Loyalty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Studies were also conducted in the financial services industry show that increasing customer loyalty by 5 percent could lead to 25-75 percent profit growth (Chan et al. , 2001). Generally, loyalty is something that consumers may exhibit to brands, services, stores, product categories. Here, we use the term customer loyalty as opposed to brand loyalty; this is to emphasize that loyalty is a feature of people, rather than something inherent in brands. Oliver (1997) defines customer loyalty as a deeply held commitment to rebuy or repatronize a preferred product/service consistently in the future, thereby causing repetitive same-brand or same brand-set purchasing, despite situational influences and marketing efforts having the potential to cause switching behavior. Due to the aggressive competition in the telecommunication industry, many companies are losing customers at a formidable rate. Thus, companies recognized the need to place greater emphasis on customer loyalty as there is perceived to be a link to profitability. In fact, loyal customers tend to purchase more, they will even accept higher prices and have a positive word-of-mouth effect, telling friends and family, thus adding them to the number of loyal customers. Besides, we clearly know that the cost of selling to new customers is much higher than the cost of selling to existing customers. The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between the existing factors and customer loyalty, at the same time to find out which factor is best to determine the level of customer loyalty. In this research, we proposed Maxis Communication Berhad as the research subject as it is known to be the main competitor in the mobile phone service market based in Malaysia. Potential factors affecting customer loyalty are discussed. Besides, a survey is carried out in Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long using a survey questionnaire. Data was obtained from 60 students who are currently Maxis users. The data collected was analyzed by using a statistical software package which is known as SPSS program. In order for companies to sustain in a competitive edge, building customer loyalty is rather crucial. Since loyalty is a key in customer development and profitability, it is important for organizations to understand the loyalty condition in more detail, and to use this understanding to develop the relationship further with customers which falls in the loyal category. The results of this study will provide evidence to organizations on what are the key reasons that possibly will influence customer to make repeating purchases. Hence, allowing organizations to focus on areas by viewing from customer’s perspective in which will result in higher profit and building a closer bond between the brand and current customers in its hoped to maintain current customer base. Literature Review The review of previous study from different resources has been revised to obtain a further understanding of the variables in this study. It is divided into three parts, which are the review of the literature, proposed conceptual framework and hypotheses development. Review of the literature shows relevant constructs, methodologies, and findings related to the study. Meanwhile, the proposed conceptual framework and hypotheses development shows the relationship of the variables constructed in this study. Customer Loyalty Three conceptual perspectives have been suggested to define customer loyalty: the behavioral perspective, the attitudinal perspective, and composite perspective (Bowen and Chen, 2001; Zins, 2001). Firstly, the behavioral perspective looks at repeat purchase behavior based on the customer’s purchase history. This approach assumes that preference structure of the customer is reflected in the customer’s behavior (Ehrenberg, 1988). In contrast, the attitudinal perspective allows gain in supplemental understanding of loyal behavior (Zins, 2001). Attitude signifies the degree to which a customer’s deposition towards a service is favorably inclined. (Grembler and Brown, 1996). Some examples of operational measures in attitudinal perspective are preference, buying intention, supplier prioritization and recommendation willingness (Fournier and Yao, 1997). The third perspective combines both attitudinal and behavioral definitions of loyalty. The composite perspective is considered an alternative to affective loyalty that increases the predictive power of loyalty (Pritchard and Howard, 1997). Essentially, loyal customers build businesses by buying more, paying premium prices, and providing new referrals through positive word of mouth over time (Ganesh et al. , 2000). Furthermore, loyal customers contribute to the company’s profitability by spending more on company products and services, via repeat purchasing, and by recommending the organization to other consumers (Bowen and Chen, 2001; Fesicova, 2004). Hence, the main objective of this study is to determine the potential determinants of customer loyalty towards Maxis and to test the relationships among these factors. Corporate Image Corporate image is described as the overall impression made in the minds of the public about a firm (Barich and Kotler, 1991). Meanwhile, Nyuyen and Leblanc (2001) claim that corporate image is related to the physical and behavioral attributes of the firm, such as business name, architecture, variety of products or services, and to the impression of quality communicated by each person interacting with the firm’s clients. Therefore, corporate image was early identified as an important factor in the overall evaluation of the service and the company (Bitner, 1991; Gronroos, 1984; Gummesson and Gronroos, 1988). Although a customer may not have enough information about a firm, information obtained from different sources such as advertisements and word of mouth will influence the process of forming the corporate image. (Andreassen, 1995). In addition, Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) added on that attitudes are functionally related to behavioral intentions. Hence, corporate image affects behavioral intentions such as customer loyalty (Johnson et al. 2001). According to Nguyen and Leblanc (2001), corporate image relates positively with customer loyalty in three sectors (telecommunication, retailing and education). Corporate image can therefore axis from all of a consumer’s experiences, results in different level of attitude towards the brand that leads to customer’s satisfaction and customer loyalty. Trust The degree by which an individual perceives a trust image to a brand is based on his or her experience with the brand. Therefore, the experience attributed will be influenced by any direct (e. g. rial, usage, satisfaction, and consumption) and any indirect contact (advertising, word of mouth, brand reputation) with the brand (Keller, 1998; Krishnan, 1996). Essentially, trust has been recognized as an important role in affecting relationship commitment (Morgan and Hunt, 1994) and so customer loyalty (Gundlach and Murphy, 1993). This is because when one party trusts another, it is likely to develop some form of positive behavioral intention towards the other party. Furthermore, when a customer trusts a brand, this means that he is also likely to form a positive buying intention t owards the brand (Lau and Lee, 1999). On the other hand, it is claimed that there is a positive relationship between trust in a firm and customer loyalty, consistent with the past research (e. g. Chaudhuri and Holbrook, 2001; Lau and Lee, 1999). Furthermore, to trust a brand, customers should not only perceive positive outcomes but also believe that these positive outcomes will continue in the future. Service Quality Gronroos (1984) defined service quality as a perceived judgment, resulting from an evaluation process where customers compare their expectations with the service they perceive to have received. He further added that the quality of a service is dependent with two variables: expected service and perceived service, which is that any previous experience with a service could influence the expectations of a customer, whereas the perceived service is a result of a consumer’s perception of the service itself. Following the above definitions, service quality has also been described as a form of attitude, related but not equivalent to satisfaction, that results from the comparison of expectations with performance (Balton and Drew, 1991; Parasuraman et al, 1988). According to several studies it is hypothesized that service quality will exert a direct positive influence on perceived value (e. g. Balton and Drew, 1991; Zeithaml 1988), on overall satisfaction (e. g. Cronin and Taylor, 1992) and it will have an indirect influence (e. g. Andreassen and Lindested, 1988) as well as a direct influence on future loyalty (Boulding, 1993; de Ruyter, 1998) Proposed Conceptual Framework The hypotheses among the corporate image, trust, service quality and customer loyalty: The conceptual framework above is the foundation of the research project, and describes the relationship among the four main variables which are customer loyalty, corporate image, trust, and service quality. Essentially, the independent variables include corporate image, trust, and service quality. On the other hand, customer loyalty is identified as the dependent variable. Hypotheses Development Based on the results of the previous studies, we formulated the hypotheses detailed below, with reference to the proposed conceptual model: H1:There will be a positive relationship between corporate image and customer loyalty. When customers are satisfied with the services rendered, their attitude towards the company is improved. (Andreassen and Lindestad, 1998) This indicates that a desirable image leads to customer satisfaction and customer preference, while an undesirable image leads to dissatisfaction. H2:There will be a positive relationship between trust and customer loyalty. Trust is believed to be a critical variable that contributes to healthy and long-term relationships (Anderson and Weitz, 1989). This explains trust towards the company is strongly related with commitment that leads to customer loyalty. H3:There will be a positive relationship between service quality and customer loyalty. Recent research offers some evidence that perceived service quality has an impact on customer satisfaction, which in terms leads to later behaviors towards the service firm (Andreassen and Lindestad, 1998). The internal quality and external value of the service will therefore contribute to customer loyalty. Research Method Maxis Communication Berhad is chosen as the research subject as it is well known as the main competitor in the mobile phone service market based in Malaysia. Also, Maxis is widely recognized and used by most of the students. Potential variables are identified and discussed and they include corporate image, trust towards Maxis, and the service quality offered by Maxis. Due to the huge population of students within campus, hence a sample of 60 is drawn. A survey was conducted and data was collected from 60 students who is currently subscribing to Maxis. A total of 30 male and 30 female are involved in this sample, the mean age of the sample is 21 years old. Sample characteristics appear to be representative of mobile phone users in UTAR. Probability sampling methods are selected for this research. Questionnaires are distributed equally to course representative of six different courses which includes Accounting, Marketing, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Banking and Finance, and Business Administration. The course representatives are informed to disseminate the questionnaires to any five guys and girls of their course, respondents are then randomly picked by the course representatives. Respondents are given a period of one week to complete the questionnaire. Later then, the completed survey questionnaires are collected from each of the course representative. Simple random sampling method was employed as this method provides more accurate and valid results. Our target samples are scattered over a wide area, thus we assigned our questionnaires to the course representatives for more efficient mode. Due to the large target population, we have also employed another approach which is stratified sampling. Here, we have stratified our population by genders, and respondents from different courses in a university. This would ensure better coverage of our targeted population for more desirable result. We have pursued quantitative approach in collecting data in our study for our research problem. As we have clearly defined the three determinants factor which affects the level of customer loyalty for Maxis, which are corporate image, trust, and also the service quality offered, the quantitative data we obtained is by using the various numeric means, in this case it is the Likert scale. Respondents are required to rank statements from 1 to number 7 based on their own perceptions and beliefs. Consequently customer loyalty, trust, corporate image, and service quality were measured using multiple indicators. Customer loyalty is measured using two loyalty indicators which are repurchase probability, and the likelihood of providing positive word-of-mouth to potential customers. Regarding the measure of trust (TR), a five-item scale was developed by using different but complementary definitions. The multiple indicators involved reliability, ethics, service quality, and cumulative process. Corporate image is an overall evaluation of the company and is measured using three indicators; overall opinion of the company, opinion of the company’s contribution to society, and customer’s liking of the company.

Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Essays - National Accounts

Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Essays - National Accounts Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper ECO /372 July 6, 2015 Now a days we know that there are numerous issues that actually affect our economy, things such as gross domestic product (GDP), nominal GDP, real GDP, inflation rate, unemployment rates, and as well as interest rates. Now as we all know all of these area actually can have massive influences over how we purchase groceries, weather there will be a large amounts of layoffs to employees, and even decrease in taxes that year. What is Gross Domestic Products basically its the market value of services and goods that are produced in the country at any given time. Which this is usually considered an indication of the normal living situation within a country. However real GDP measures of the value of economic output that adjust for price changes. While Nominal GDP is a gross domestic product figure that has not been adjusted for inflation. In many way the unemployment rate are usually the measure of the frequency of unemployment and its calculated by dividing the number of people that are unemployed by the percentage of individuals that are actually working. While inflation rate is the percentage rate of change in price levels of over time, usually from one year to the next. Now let us also focus on the interest rate and the rate which interest is paid by a borrower for the use of money that they borrow from a lender. All of these factors are related to our everyday lives and how we manage our money, what we spend our money on, and when we spend our money from simple things like buying groceries, but when you are on a very tight budget as some of us have experienced it can be pretty stressful and of whelming when just last week you were able to buy strawberries and this month they price have went high and its just beyond your budget. You began to see how the cost of groceries affects the government because this is a good way that products are produced and sold within our country; which affects GDP, real GDP, and nominal GDP. Even though we know that this is directly related to consumers spending and in times of a recession consumers pull back on their spending and go into savings mode. When consumers go into savings mode this affect every type of business because production is down and this could cause layoffs. Even though buying groceries can affects households, because thousands of people stru ggle every day to provide for their families and when the cost of goods constantly goes up but wages don't this makes it really difficult to live and to provide for families. As we know massive layoffs affect people's standard of living and that is what the GDP is centered around; having to many layoffs can have a dramatic effect on the unemployment status which causes the economy to have a higher unemployment rate which causes salaries to go down so what their spending is down. Layoffs has a vicious cycle and globally in 2012, 200 million people were without employment and this shows the slowdown in employment growth. Companies were not hiring and people were not spending like they once was Layoffs affected the economy dramatically because it had a huge impact on consumer spending thing about it if no one is buying then production is down and that's how layoffs happen, and this affects households, businesses, and the government itself, personally its like a domino effect when one falls they all fall. Think about it tax decreases can stimulate economic growth because if people are paying less in taxes, and at the end they have more money to spend. It has been proven over the year after year that when taxes decreases it can generate economic growth and federal. If you think about it we all spend more during tax season, because we usually get a good return; since I file as a parent and full-time student with a disable child, qualify for various tax breaks. In so many ways tax decreases can help a business if their taxes are decreased the organization will payout less and have more income. As we compare GDP,

Fundamentals of Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Fundamentals of Finance - Essay Example The company’s current drill and platform was purchased 3 years ago for  £10M. The firm depreciates the machine using MACRS over a 5 year recovery period when the assets are replaced due to very high maintenance costs. The company’s management estimates that after removal costs are taken into consideration, this platform can be sold for  £3.5M. The company can also buy a new high specification platform at a cost of  £14M plus installation costs of  £1M and still has an estimated life of 5 years. If they decide to go ahead with this purchase then the company’s working capital needs will change; accounts receivable will increase to  £1.5M, accounts payable will also increase to  £1M and inventory will increase to  £2M. Swindon is expected to be able to sell the new, proposed machine at the end of the 5-year period for  £4M while the present machine at the end of the same period is expected to generate  £2.5M. All else equal, the company expects to recover their Net Working Capital Investment at the end of the same period. The company’s tax rate is at 40%. The existing machine is expected to net  £3,500,000 each year for the next 5 years. Along with the C.F.O, the Operations Officer has also laid down the estimated cash flows of the company from the new drilling platform as follows: 1) DEBT: the company can raise an unlimited amount of debt by selling  £1,000 par value, 6.5% coupon interest rate, 10 year bonds on which annual interest payments will be made. To sell the issue, an average discount of  £20 per bond needs to be given. There also is an associated flotation cost of 2% of par value. 2) PREFERRED STOCK: the company can raise an unlimited amount of preferred stock under the following terms; (a) the security has a par value of  £100/share, (b) the annual dividend rate is 6% of the par value, (c) the flotation cost is expected to be  £4 per share. The preferred stock is expected to sell for  £102 before cost considerations.

Euthansasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Euthansasia - Essay Example The thing that was brought to notice from the acceptance of euthanasia in some regions like Oregon (United States) can be considered as the harsh truth. The practice of euthanasia even results in assistance of death to those who aim for suicide even though their ailment is chiefly depression and not painful physical condition. Several other wrong practices find their way under the roof of euthanasia, which becomes crucial to be addressed with prominence of attention. Holy Bible, the most important religious book of Christians directs the thoughts and believes of a person the acceptance of God as the power who alone should hold the right to take away life. Thus, euthanasia, a practice by means of which assisted suicide is provided to the patients in terminally ill position is not within the acceptance boundaries of ethics as presented in the holy Bible. As per Bible and believers of bible only Almighty Father hold the right to take away the life from the human body. Thus, acceptance of euthanasia or assisted suicide essentially leads to the violation of the laws of the Bible. Christians who hold strong believe in Holy Bible and its teachings present themselves with the situation in which respect for the holy words should be given and following of the teachings should be strictly adhered. Thus, the acceptance of assisted suicide for the terminally ill patients also should not be practiced as per Christianity. We hereby discuss few papers on euthanasia that has been published on the basis of studies carried out on the topic of euthanasia.Euthanasia- In the light of scientific research Haverkate (1998) and colleagues performed a study to describe the presence of and compliance with guidelines in the cases of euthanasia and intensifying of the alleviation of pain and symptoms. The study also held its focus to the understanding of the opinions of physicians about written guidelines. In addition, the relationship between meeting of the requirements for prudent practice and presence of and compliance with guidelines or euthanasia was studied (Haverkate, 1998). Interview was used as the method of data collection. And the results revealed that in case of meeting the requirements for prudent practice, there existed no significant differences between cases of euthanasia in which EAS (euthanasia or assisted suicide) guidelines were present and the ones in which there were no such guidelines. In addition, the presence of guidelines seemed to project better adherence to consultation and other essential actions. However, it is essential note that the study had a limitation, fo r the collection of data was based on the self-report of physicians and the content of guidelines was not verified. We therefore prose that well-designed, large sample sized research studies should be conducted so as to further assure the results as revealed from this study. In another study, Rurup (2005) and colleagues attempted to learn more about the characteristic patients who request for euthanasia or physician assisted suicide and the effect of physicians decision. It was concluded from the study that being tired of living could play a crucial part in the desire of euthanasia in the patients. The tired of living phenomenon can exist irrespective of whether the patient is suffering from a major disease or not. It was noted that the high occurrence of symptoms in the absence of classifiable sever disease

Mass Media Promoting Copycat Mass Murders Media Essay

Mass Media Promoting Copycat Mass Murders Media Essay This research paper highlights on the ways that the mass media has encouraged the copycat murders. The copycat effect is used in reference to the situation for which a sensational publicity about the violent acts of murders or suicides causes the tendency to result in more of similar effects through imitation. The Media influence or media effects are terms used in media studies, in psychology, communication theory and in sociology in reference to the theories concerning the ways in which the mass media affect the way in which the audiences think or behave. The critiques of the influences of media suggested that media can weaken or delimit an individuals capacity in acting autonomously by connecting the world to the individuals and reproducing of self-images of the society, this characteristic of media is ascribed as an influence which is reminiscent of the telescreens, These Include all the kinds of media namely; the newspapers, TV, Radio, Internet and the Books. . The media generates information in a networked setup, it then publishes the information using the articles, videos, and the photos to the consumers, this influences the individuals ability to interpret the delivered information while at the same time it potentially influences the unrelated cultural and the personal beliefs, basing on the propaganda model. The Mass media content which is created for the newsworthy events and the untold stories have consequences on the consumers and culture can also be influenced. The media has a strong social and cultural impact upon the society. This is due to its ability to reach a wider audience with strong and influential messages. The Television broadcasts have a lot of control over the content delivered to the society depending on the number watching and the times in which the same content is viewed. The internet creates the space for diverse political opinions, social and the cultural viewpoints and a higher level of consumer participation. The process of agenda-setting is almost the unavoidable section of news gathering in the large organizations which are stakeholders of the mass media. The media is not a crude agent of propaganda, but it organizes the public understandings by providing the overall interpretations that are preferred by, and in most cases it is least challenging especially to those with the economic power. News coverage of violent crimes serves the public interest, depending on how much coverage is necessary if it is necessary to cover every violent crime and the level of detail. (McCombs Shaw, 1972) The coverage of crimes in the society can be a valuable tool in decision making. If the Individuals are properly informed, they can make rational decisions basing on their personal safety. In case the population has been misled, may it be intentionally or not, depending on the nature of the crimes, and the rarity or commonality of the said crimes. When the coverage is an endless repetition of the apparently meaningless tragedies, then it causes a numbing effect on the population. The public interest may be the justification for the coverage of the mass murders, but in reality profit is the real motivation, since the mass media are in the business of making money and therefore the mass media cannot ignore mass murders. The allegations the mass media unintentionally promotes the mass murder is a serious one. Hence the mass media determine the appropriate level of coverage and it is necessary to cover every such crime. There is need for the media to devise the methods for discouraging the shoot your way to temporary fame which encourages copycat murders. It is evident that this problem has not been adequately addressed in the existing works on the media ethics. Literature Review A review on a number of the recent works in this field have suggested a trend the general problems of psychological and economic harm caused by inaccurate or unethical mass media reporting has been considered in great depths, However the very severe form of harm which is the unintentional encouragement of copycat murders has not been specifically discussed. A Noted author and the cultural behaviorist Loren Coleman explores how the medias over-saturated the coverage of the murders, suicides, and the deadly tragedies made an impact on the society. This is The Copycat Effect-the phenomenon in which violent events spawn violence of the same type. He recognizes the emerging patterns of the Copycat Effect, how to deal with and counteract the associated consequences as individuals and as the culture. Loren Coleman translates the academic research on the copycat effects an understandable form in which He brings the imitation of violence to reality through the detailed case studies and the pe rson-centered examples, such as the sensationalized reporting on suicide, sniper sprees, suicide via the airplane, suicidal cults, the post-office killings, and the teenage suicide. The media is largely in a state of denial on how its coverage on the death incidents contributes to the violence and destruction of lives in the society. Loren Colemans in The Copycat Effect examined the major news events, which were encouraged and promoted by the mass media, and those which get repeated in lesser-known incidents which were covered primarily by the local news. Klaidman Beauchamp (1987, pp. 93-123, pp. 201-7)) discussed the issues on journalistic-induced harm, but only with respect to the damaged reputations and the business losses. Pointed to the problems of the news organizations which created the news events, including the problems international terrorism, they did examine the possibility that the journalists efforts can play a part in causing a specific murder. Lambeth (1986) provides a thorough theoretical model in addressing the ethical issues on journalism, However, he fails to address the problem of media-induced harm. Hulteng (1981, pp. 71-86) sampled out the ethical codes of a number of the American newspapers; he reprinted the complete text of codes of the ethics for the Associated Press Managing Editors, the American Society of the Newspaper Editors, and the Society of the Professional Journalists. All these ethical codes address the issue of harm and balance in a very general way but do not directly discuss how the coverage of a particular criminal act can lead to the copycat crimes. The news media is supposed to satisfy both the obligation of accurately informing the public about the nature of the societys murder problems, and the obligation of the stockholders to keep the circulation up. The inevitable public boredom with the coverage of the meaningless little murders makes this an impossible act to balance. The media coverage on some murders in the sensational manner has been customized in many events. The editors justify this time-honored tradition basing on the economic considerations and in light of the major roles. The editors need to figure out the many innocent lives that will be sacrificed in order to boost the circulation, or promote the political agendas. These mass media studies suggest that that there is need for standardized means in which a kind of crime violence should be given the attention proportionate to its size, in relation to the its magnitude, and base on the importance of its victims. The Violent crimes of all types should be highlighted, in a relative way to other causes of suffering, which are proportionate to the social costs. Meyer (1987, pp. 155-156) points to the problem of the unbalanced reporting of the health and safety issues in the mass media causes the wild and inaccurate notions on the relative risks of various causes of death. He gives an example where a surveyed group of the greatly underestimated deaths caused by the emphysema, relates to the deaths by homicide. Meyer described one of the studies carried out by researchers at the University of Oregon, in which it was found that the pictures formed inside the heads of the people who were interviewed tended to be influenced by the spooky, violent world of the newspaper content as compared to the real world. It is important that the studies recognizes how the misleading portrayal of the real world can become an artifact of the popular morbid curiosity, that the newspapers must satisfy or lose in their circulation, this reflects what Meyer terms as, The Distorting Effects of the Perceptual Models. In brief, the journalists through the mass media enhance certain assumptions in their work. They make use of the facts which do not fit into the journalists perceptual model that tends to be downgraded in its importance or ignored. This study bases on the facts which include the statistical analysis, even at the most basic level, but the primary liberal arts orientation given to the journalists comes to the forefront takes the precedence. (Meyer, 1987, pp. 48-50) David Lesters (1989) study titled, Media Violence and Suicide and Homicide Rates. He summarized the two reports extracted from the National Coalition on the TV Violence. The first report asserts that there exists a negative correlation between the suicides and violent, media related issues, and a positive correlation in relation to the homicide at the same time. The second report asserts somehow similar, which does not statistically signify the relationships between the best-attended films, suicide and the homicide. Lesters shows that the National Coalition on the TV violence is not an objective source, Lester did not attempt to analyze the methods used, or critically evaluate the significance of these reports. There are serious problems that prove or disprove the causal relationships that exist between the television entertainment and the violent behavior; therefore there is no reason to assume that the television news provides the easier opportunity for such research. Methodology This research employed a web based survey in gathering data on the Media influences and promotion of the copycat murders. I analyzed news coverage of the mass murders in Time and the Newsweek for the period ranging 1984-91 for the evidence of the disproportionate, coverage of certain categories of mass murder in a manner that influenced the occurrence of the subsequent incidents. I used this design in order to trace the root of copycat murders and at the same time justify the hypothesis which assumes that copycat murders are accelerated by media influences.. The instrument was divided into two parts; The Descriptive Analysis, which describes the influences of media in the individuals ability to commit a crime as a result of the interests developed from the media highlights.. The Critical Analysis, which assesses the extent to which the American based print media, perpetuates the copycat murders. This involved the analysis of two main Newspapers, the Times and the Newsweek based on their modes of reporting the violent criminal incidences. Sample description and selection the copycat murder cases In this research work the random sampling procedure was used in the process of data collection on the copycat murders, this was due to the nature of the topic which required many sources of information concerning the influences of mass media on copycat murders. The contexts for the study were based on the distinctive nature of the internet. Data was collected in the process of evaluation of the influences of the mass media and the mode in which the copycat crimes. Results Table 1 shows the data gathered on the different types of murde , it is clear that the arson mass murderers and the knife mass murderers received relatively very little attention from the Time and the Newsweek. The data shows that, there is a very large discrepancy between the amount of coverage that given to the arson mass murders, and the mass murderers involving the guns exclusively. The fire arms leads with a factor of almost nine times as much coverage as seen from the comparison between the coverage given to the exclusive firearms mass murderers and to the arson mass murderers. Murderer Month/Year Dead Newsweek sq. in. Newsweek Sq. Inches/Dead James Huberty Jul-84 22 157.50 7.16 Sylvia Seegrist Nov-85 2 0.00 0.00 William Bryan Cruse Apr-87 6 0.00 0.00 David Burke Dec-87 43 57.75 1.34 Robert Dreesman Dec-87 7 0.00 0.00 Ronald Gene Simmons Dec-87 16 78.75 4.92 Richard Wade Farley Feb-88 7 0.00 0.00 Laurie Wasserman Dann May-88 2 54.00 27.00 Patrick Purdy Jan-89 6 370.34 61.72 Joseph T. Wesbecker Sep-89 8 52.50 6.56 James E. Pough Jun-90 9 0.00 0.00 George Hennard Oct-91 24 78.75 3.28 Firearms Murders 152 849.59 5.59 There is a large discrepancy that exists; however, this is because of the many articles which mentioned Patrick Purdys crime. But even with the exclusion of all coverage of Patrick Purdys crimes (there is still a very charitable assumption on the data by the Time and Newsweek, in consideration of the centrality to the Wesbeckers actions of the Times coverage), the square inches per dead body for the firearms mass murderers is still more than 5 times the coverage when it comes to the arson mass murderers. This dramatic difference was shown by Plotting the square inches per dead body mass media coverage on the selected murderers incidents as shown below. Plotting of the firearms mass murder coverage against time also showed some interesting results, as shown in Figure 2. In this case, the mass murder coverage rose dramatically with the crimes committed by Laurie Wasserman Dann and Patrick Purdy There is a sudden dived back from high to very low levels especially during the pre-Dann levels with the Wesbecker incident. The Time newspaper which is more prone to the coverage of the firearms mass murders before Dann and Purdy, was the noticeably restrained of the two magazines as seen in its coverage of the mass murders from Wesbecker and onwards. There is a unique relationship pertaining the Time seen from the connection between their coverage of the Purdy, and the Wesbeckers bloody rampage? Discussion The cases analyzed included the following; On January 17, 1989, a homosexual prostitute who was also a drug addict with a very long history of the criminal offenses and mental disturbance, Patrick Purdy, directly to the Cleveland Elementary School in Stockton, California. He firebombed his car, entered a playground during the recess time carrying a Chinese gun, a semiautomatic version of the full automatic AK-47), he shot to death five children, wounded 29 other children and the teacher, then shot himself in the head using a 9mm handgun. The Initial coverage of the Purdys crime was relatively restrained, where only the essential details were reported. The Time paper gave Purdy just part of a page in the first issue after the crime titled (Slaughter in a School Yard, 1989). The Newsweek gave a single page titled Death on the Playground, and pointed to the four prior attacks on the school children, it started with the Laurie Dann. The Newsweek included Purdys photograph in its article. Newsweeks article (Baker, Joseph, and Cerio, 1989) quoted the authors of a book with the content on mass murder: Theres a copycat element that cannot be denied. A week later, Patrick Purdys name had received a lot of attention, and consequently his fame increased. At one point the front cover of the Time openly showed the AK-47 and the AR-15 which were crossed, beneath the outline of the U.S. which was stylized into a jawless skull, and titled, Armed America. Inside, the George Churchs The Other Arms Race, (1989) this occupied almost 6Â ½ pages, opening with Patrick Purdys name. Consequently the articles referencing Purdy or his criminal act continued to appear in Newsweek and Time for several months. Within the same year, On September 14, 1989, Joseph Wesbecker who was a disabled employee of the Standard Gravure Co. in the Kentucky entered into the printing plant similarly carrying the AKS and a 9mm handgun. A reminiscence of Purdys scenario, the Wesbeckers actions were shortly detailed by the UPI wire service stories, particularly the William H. Inmans which was titled Wesbeckers rampage is boon to gun dealers (1989a): The most important fact is how the news coverage of the Purdys crime influenced Wesbeckers actions, and eve the identification of the weapon of choice for such an act of savagery. ( Inman, 1989) The police investigated this incident and at Wesbeckers residence, they found the manuals on weapons and an article published on February 6 issue of Time magazine devoted to the mass killers, including the one on Robert Sherrill, who slaughtered 14 people in the Oklahoma post office three years ago, and another one on Patrick Purdy, who killed five children with the AK-47 assault rifle in the Stockton, Calif, in January 1989. The same AK-47 was the main weapon used by Wesbecker. It is obvious that Joseph Wesbecker was not a healthy and well-adjusted person driven to commit his crime as a result of the sensational news coverage. The Time newspaper might have been responsible for having indirectly caused the horrible crime; this temptation could have been avoided. The editors of the Time might have foreseen the high probability for this kind of coverage promoting the copycat crimes. In analyzing of the data, this research paper based on two related issues: The level of the coverage that was given by the print media, the Time and Newsweek where certain crimes appeared to encourage the unbalanced people, who were seeking a lasting fame, by copying these crimes as we seen in Joseph Wesbeckers 1989 homicidal rampage. The analysis of the quantity of the press coverage which was given to the mass murder as in the case of the Newsweek and especially the Time which gave the undue attention to the particular type of mass murder, hence to the detriment of the public safety. Conclusion There are some positive effects from the mass media portrayals of the violence murders, according to a study the print and television have significant effects on the copycat murders some news reports have the major effects of promoting the copy cat violence and the killings. Therefore study conclude that the reporters are in need of some kind of guide on how the violence murder should be reported so as to avoid the potential negative effects that emanates from the mode of reporting to the public. There is the need to develop a journalistic style guide to determine the type of information which is recommended due to the potential positive or the negative effects. (Cairns, 1990, Price, Merrill, Clause, 1992, Wood, Wong, Chachere, 1991) The mode coverage of crime incidences in the society forms a very valuable tool in an individual decision making. The properly informed Individuals, can make rational decisions basing on their personal safety. If the population has been misled, be it intentional or not, it depends on the nature of the crimes, and the rarity or commonality of the said crimes. If the coverage involves an endless repetition of the apparently meaningless tragedies, it can cause a numbing effect on the population. The mass media generates information in a network, then the collected information is published using the articles, videos, and the photos to the consumers, this has the influences the individuals ability to digest the delivered information while at the same time it potentially influences the unrelated cultural and the personal beliefs, basing on the propaganda models. The Mass media content is created from the events and the untold stories which have effects on the consumers and their cultural orientation.

Existence Of God Essay -- essays research papers

The Existence of God   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ever since I can remember, I have believed in God. I had always thought that he existed in a way that we did not understand and or can not comprehend, and that is spiritually (Almighty). I have always thought that it would be impossible to prove/disprove God's existence (solely based on the spiritual aspect), because if he is the almighty then he can come and go as he sees fit (be seen and unseen as he sees fit, too). There has been a lot that has happened to me, not only in spiritual essences, but also in a physical essence that strengthened my beliefs that God exists. Call it social conditioning, that I have this belief, but my family and friends all have the same belief. Even after the class (First course in philosophy) has ended I am no more clear whether God exist (in a physical manner) or does not (at all). Since I have grown up in the belief that God exists (which has not brought on any harm), then I shall go with what I believe in and state that he does ex ist. Evidence that he does exist is not needed, for this is like a court case you are innocent until proven guilty. So with this in mind, he exist until you can prove his non-existence. Although there are many arguments to disprove his existence none are solid proof. Just like there are many arguments to prove his existence that lack physical proof, too. With this all in mind I will argue that the, so-called, evidence of his existence out ways that of his non-exist...

Motivation Case Essay

Motivation – is the process encouraging people to work. There are many different aspects of the theory of motivation, and they are: 1. Historically, the early views on motivation to work, such as the policy of â€Å"carrot and stick†. The adherents of this view think that man is by nature lazy, sly, selfish, wants to give less and get more, hence there is a need to constantly force him to work and systematically encouraged to achieve high results. 2. Content theories of motivation (as an incentive to work discusses the inner satisfaction of man, his needs). 3. Procedural theories of motivation (motivation occurs during labor process). Let us consider each of the theories. The content theories of motivation include: †¢ A. Maslow’s theory; †¢ K. Alderfer’s theory; †¢ D. McClelland theory; †¢ F. Hertzberg’s theory; A Maslow (1908-1970) provides the following hierarchy that makes a need for person to work. And Maslow (1908-1970) offers the following hierarchy inducing the person requirements to work: †¢ Physiological needs (hunger, thirst) †¢ Needs for safety, stability and confidence in the future †¢ Needs for love, participation, communication †¢ Needs for recognition and self-confirmation †¢ Needs for self-actualization A. Maslow assumed that needs for this hierarchy arise gradually. Satisfying primary requirements, the person gradually becomes more motivated. People not simply satisfy one need for another, but move up, changing the importance for these or those needs. Self-actualization — is the highest degree of motivating the person; his desire and strong-willed actions. Self actualization — means to become a person that individual wants to be, reach the maximum level of realization that potentially available. The problem is that: †¢ The person often doesn’t know about the abilities, mission or talent †¢ The person knows about the abilities, but doesn’t want to develop them into work. (The will is weak) †¢ The person knows about the abilities, but can’t develop them into work for a number of reasons (material, physical, etc.) According to A. Maslow, the highest level of motivation can reach only about 1% of all people. According to K. Alderfer’s theory of need the person can be combined in three separate groups: †¢ Needs for existence (safety, physiological) †¢ Needs for communication (in belongings to any group and participation in any business, aspiration to be the family member, to have friends, colleagues, etc.) †¢ The need for growth (need for recognition, self-assertion and self-improvement) These requirements are also hierarchical, but movement can go in both directions (unlike Maslow’s hierarchy) †¢ Up, if the previous need is satisfied. †¢ Down, if they don’t satisfied with higher level. In his theory of acquired needs D. McClelland proceeded from the fact that the needs are acquired under the influence of life events, experience, and training and includes: †¢ The need for achievement (the desire to self-set goals, more effectively than before, to reach them); †¢ The needs of complicity (the desire for friendly relations with others, communication, working with people); †¢ The need to dominate (the first group of individuals willing to rule for the sake of ruling, the second – to achieve goals). This system needs no strict hierarchy (as in previous theories) its elements have a mutual influence. Senior Manager, on one hand, should help to meet prevailing needs of employees and on the other hand – to promote development of those that are most needed for the labor process. For example, the need to achieve a goal of ruling with the development needs of complicity or achievements can achieve greater results. In theory, F.Herzberg points out the following two groups of factors: †¢ External or hygiene (or health factors) – wages, working conditions, status, mode, interpersonal relationships, the degree of control over the work; †¢ Motivating – growth opportunities, recognition, promotion, work. F. Herzberg concluded that the factors driving the growth of human dissatisfaction with their elimination does not necessarily lead to increased satisfaction, and vice versa. The transition from a lack of satisfaction is influenced by motivational factors and the transition from dissatisfaction with the absence dissatisfaction under the influence of external factors. Therefore, priority should be given to human dissatisfaction and then only with the help of motivating factors to ensure satisfaction. Manager’s attention only to external factors is ineffective. Procedural theories of motivation includes Vroom’s theory of expectancy, the theory of justice (equality) S. Adams, Porter-Lawler model, the theory of goal setting E. Locke’s, and concept of participatory governance. According to the theory expectations Vroom: Motivation = Expected results of the x x Expected remuneration for x The significance of the result of x (valence) †¢ Valence is positive, if the results are highly valued by the employee; †¢ Valence is negative, if the results are denied by the employee; †¢ Valence of zero, if the worker is indifferent to this result. Variables in the formula can be evaluated with points. The essence of the theory of justice (equality) Stacy Adams; People subjectively feel a fair reward for their work, their own and others compare the costs and rewards, so it is important to pay for the work to motivate employees and achieve smooth arise between negative feelings. S. Adams identified six possible human reactions to injustice. 1. Reducing self energy consumption (â€Å"I’m not going to do my best for this salary†). 2. Attempt to increase the salary for their work (requirements, blackmail, etc.). 3. Revaluation of its features (lower confidence). 4. Attempt to influence the organization or the head to change the payment or the load of other employees. 5. Selecting another object of comparison (â€Å"I do not want to be with them†). 6. Attempt to move to another department or another organization. Experienced manager should feel subordinator’s reactions and possibly smooth over the contradictions. Porter-Lawler model represents the synthesis of the theory of justice and the theory of expectations: [pic] In the model of Porter-Lawler work results are considered as a function of the external compensation (salary, the significance of payment assurance efforts and communication labor remuneration), internal reward (praise, promotion, etc.), awareness of their role in the labor process and abilities. If the size between employee’s external rewards and effort is clearly perceived by the individual communication, motivation system works completely; otherwise the employee is motivated in part with the results of the (second internal feedback) and receives only an internal reward for their labor. According to the theory of goal Edwin Locke’s motivation is determined by his goals and satisfaction with job performance. It is assumed that goal setting is a conscious process, which involves the future goals of man. The results of the individual will depend on: †¢ Complexity of task; †¢ Its features (clarity and certainty); †¢ Profitability (eligibility) it for the individual; †¢ A person’s readiness to make some effort to achieve goal (closer the goal, effort can be increased). Quality of work defined organizational factors and capable employees, which in turn affect the goals, and consequence of his motivation. Satisfaction or dissatisfaction with employee by interaction of two processes: †¢ Internal (individual assessment results in terms of correlating them with the goal); †¢ External (human evaluation by others). The disadvantages of this theory include: †¢ Poor uniformity (for uneducated people, such as clarity of purpose plays a big role, and the call for highly objective and its uncertainty leaves room for creativity); †¢ The situation is not clear when the target slave puts the head; †¢ The situation is not clear, when there is group work and the purpose of the group is placed in general; †¢ Promoting labor is not often aimed at a quick goal, and on the quality of the work task. In accordance with the concept of participatory management, employee motivation is determined by its interest in how its activities impact on the functioning of the organization, the desire to participate in the processes taking place in the organization. If an employee feels that he needs to the organization that he demanded it that between his initiative and reward, there is a direct relationship, the intensity of his work is significantly increased. Participative management is widespread in leading Japanese corporations: †¢ Staff makes decisions about the organization of work; †¢ Employees working independently take decisions; setting goals are carried out jointly with the head; †¢ Employees independently control the quality and quantity of output †¢ Employees involved in innovative activities (quality circles, task force committees, etc.) †¢ Employees independently form working groups.

Dispute Resolution By Forced Arbitration - 1636 Words

Dispute resolution is a term that refers to a number of procedures that can be used to settle a claim. Conflict resolution procedures are alternatives to receiving a court resolve the dispute in a trial. People often have to compensate a large fee just to start the arbitration procedure. If they are able to make an in-person audience, people sometimes have to travel thousands of miles on their own money to attend the arbitration. In the final stage, the loser often pays the company’s legal fees. Forced arbitration is chosen by companies because it benefits companies. People are frequently unaware that they’ve agreed to forced arbitration. Most Americans have accepted good or services or a job with forced arbitration as a condition. Forced arbitration severely limits consumer choices for breaking up a conflict. By forced arbitration if any problem comes up, you can’t amend that decision. The contract typically also names the arbitration company that must be used. 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RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT5597 Words   |  23 PagesALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION LUKE BUCHHOLTZ 2011018492 RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT Submitted to partially comply (in the module PPR 404) with the conditions for the degree B.Sc (Quantity Surveying) Honours Department of Quantity Surveying and Construction Management Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE BLOEMFONTEIN Mrs M-M Els 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 1. Chapter 1 Introduction 3 2. Chapter 2 What