Genocide in Rwanda and Burundi Essay - 2206 Words

Genocide in Rwanda and Burundi Between April and July of 1994, more than 800,000 people, mostly Tutsi civilians, were slaughtered in a genocidal campaign organized by the Hutu hard-liners. By educating myself as well as others, I hope that we can prevent genocide organizers from eliminating the minority, Tutsi, and remove the tensions between these two groups. Pressure must be placed on the government to put the 120,000 suspected genocide criminals on trial . This topic is one of the most compelling human dramas of the century. Additionally, I am very interested in human rights violations that are occurring around the world and genocide seems to be the most extreme form of infringement. By studying the history of Rwanda and†¦show more content†¦They never organized a centralized political system, and their alliance is based on small units formed around clans. Furthermore, their head chiefs have made them very vulnerable. The Hutus race is Bantu, and therefore their ancestry is located somewhere in central or southern Africa. The third group the Tutsis, entered and conquered Rwanda through a combination of force and persuasion. The Tutsi represent a little more then 15 percent of the population and were militarily advanced compared to the Hutu. The Hutu come from Ethiopia, and became the most powerful tribe in Central Africa. The Tutsis acquired culture and beliefs from the Hutus. This aided in their assimilating and eventual success of tribal domination throughout Rwanda and Burundi . The Tutsi were clearly a minority in the region. However, to say that this minority dominated over the majority Hutu is too simple. The Tutsi were more numerous and dominant in some areas than others. The Tutsi adopted the Hutu language, customs and traditions. The Hutu and Tutsi still battle today as both groups fight for land, freedom, and power. Another significant actor involved with the genocide in Rwanda and Burundi is the east African neighboring nation of Tanzania. Tanzania has served as a place of safe refuge for the fleeting people of Rwanda ad Burundi. One example of Tanzanias Open Arm Policy was in 1993, when they accepted nearly 300,000 citizens of Burundi who fled for their livesShow MoreRelatedThe Tutsi And Tutsi People843 Words   |  4 PagesTutsi people of Burundi and Rwanda have been bondaged together by major events that have let to the Burundi and Rwanda Genocides. But there’s more to just the Genocides than what meets the eye. In order to understand what happened in the Rwanda genocide I must talk about Burundi and the Belgian rule. Hutu and Tutsi have lived in the same area for centuries and share the same language, religions, and even clan systems. Hutu and Tutsi have also intermarried for years before these genocides even occurredRead MoreEssay about The Role of the Media in Rwandas Violence1631 Words   |  7 Pagessituations and/or events that lead to a catastrophic outcome, such as the Rwanda genocide. The tension between both the Hutu and Tutsi already existed; it only needed something to reach its breaking point – a stressor. On April 6, 1994, the plane that occupied Juvenal Habyarimana, President of Rwanda, and Cyprien Ntaryamina, President of Burundi crashed due to unexplained circumstances. Over the next three months in Rwanda after the crash carrying both Presidents, mass killings began to occur. TheRead MoreModern Genocide in Africa Essay928 Words   |  4 Pageshave been two instanc es of genocide: the 1972 mass killings of Hutus by the Tutsi-dominated government, and the 1993 mass killings of the Tutsis by the Hutu populace. Both of these events in Burundi received different levels of attention by the international community and the western media due to a lack of foreign governmental interest, political distraction, and an unwillingness to acknowledge the severity of these atrocities in Burundi. Interestingly, events of genocide occurring at times withoutRead MoreLife Of The Innocent : Taken1425 Words   |  6 PagesInnocent: Taken As confirmed in Genocide in Rwanda the war that began April 6, 1994, mainly in Rwanda, Africa, lasted one hundred days and took close to one million lives of innocent people. Genocide is defined as the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group. With Rwanda being the most densely populated nation in Africa, housing about ten million people, by the time the outside countries began assisting to stop the genocide hundreds of thousands wereRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy : The Game Of Plausible Deniability1625 Words   |  7 PagesDeniability As I previously stated in the â€Å"U.S. Foreign Policy† section of my paper, the U.S. was spread across the globe in several conflicts. The U.S. had forces in Haiti, Somalia, the Balkans, and the middle East, so when the bloodshed began in Rwanda, the U.S. was not eager to extend it resources to another battle. John Shattuck, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights stated, â€Å"Bosnia was in one of its real crisis modes. The Europeans didn’t want to authorize American air strikes for fearRead MoreEssay on Genocide in Rwanda1440 Words   |  6 PagesGenocide in Rwanda Raphael Lemkin coined the term genocide in 1944. According to Lemkin, genocide signifies the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group and implies the existence of a coordinated plan, aimed at total extermination, to be put into effect against individuals chosen as victims purely, simply, and exclusively because they are members of the target group. This coordinated plan is committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial orRead MoreThe Genocide Of Rwandan Genocide837 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 2:Period 2 20 November 2015 Rwandan Genocide INTRODUCTION After the atrocities suffered by the Jewish people at the hand of the Nazi regime, the United Nations formed the U.N. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UNCG), dedicated to the understanding and prevention of future genocides. The UNCG defines genocide as acts committed with intent to destroyRead MoreRegional State Failure With Weak Institutions1362 Words   |  6 Pagesregion. The countries that have been most affected by conflict in Africa’s great Lakes region are Burundi, DRC (Democratic republic of Congo), Rwanda and Uganda. The Tutsi’s and Hutu’s are two African ethnic groups that are not confined to one single nations border and are spread out through Rwanda, Burundi and Eastern DRC (Conflict trends issue 1). When an ethnic conflict breaks out in Rwanda, Burundi and Eastern DRC it easily has a transnational spill over effect because these states have weak governmentsRead MoreStrength Analysis And Evaluation Of Personal And Social Responsibility Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesman. Deo and his journey, surviving two genocides and how he got to America, and his journey afterward. A global theme that really connects to this book is, â€Å"the analysis and evaluation of personal and social responsibility†, but why? The idea of personal and social responsibility is that it’s what you are responsible for, it’s what you see as your duty personally and in a social environment. Deo feels very responsible for the troubles going on in Burundi, his home country when he moves to the USRead More Genocide in Rwanda Essay1123 Words   |  5 PagesGenocide War is not a necessary evil humans must endure. Although, war is not necessary, humans go to war to try to gain power, fortune, and to spread their particular group’s religions and beliefs. By definition civilization is an advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in human society, marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of record-keeping, including writing, and the appearance of complex political and social institutions. The chaos of war

How Much Does It Cost to Save Essay - 2398 Words

How Much Does It Cost to Save? The impact of software development offshore outsourcing has many economic and social impacts. Economically, India is thriving with GDP growth accelerating exponentially including having the potential to achieve double-digit growth.1 Meanwhile, in the United States, the numbers relating to developer jobs are quite the opposite. Most figures suggest that by 2015, roughly 3.3 million business-processing jobs will have moved abroad. As of July 2003, around 400,000 jobs already had.2 Socially, job loss has many strong emotional implications. Job loss due to cost cutting measures coupled with the dot-com layoffs in Silicon Valley conveys an outlook for finding a technical position quite bleak. In†¦show more content†¦In order to compete, US developers would have to take a reduction in salary. This conflicts with the cost of living in places like Silicon Valley. Cost cutting though ultimately has many benefits for companies and individuals as it opens up other opportunities and investments. Silicon Valley firms have used resources freed up through offshore production to develop new products, new industries, and new employment opportunities.4 A Silicon Valley engineer may not like the opportunities that come up because of outsourcing, but they are there. Gregory Mankiw, chairman of the White House Council of Economic Advisors, feels that â€Å"there will be jobs in the future because this is a vibrant economy, a dynamic economy.†5 Mankiw’s support for outsourcing is without a doubt supported by financial analysts in India. A member of Delhi Stock wrote in the India Times that Mankiw â€Å"clearly had logic and facts on his side; a detailed study by Deloitte in August 2003 estimated that approximately 356 billion of work for the global financial-services industry alone will be relocated offshore within the next five years† leading to aShow MoreRelated math lesson Essay1734 Words   |  7 PagesAlexander, Who Used to Be Rich Last Sunday: Understanding Opportunity Costs Grade Level:2, 3, or 6th Duration: three 50-minute class periods Student Goal: To understand that there is an opportunity cost to every economic decision and that these costs come as a result of limited resources. 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Value Line Publishing 2002 free essay sample

Overview Value Line Publishing is an investment survey firm wherein Carrie Galeotafiore presents a five-year financial forecast that shows Home Depot in a positive light. It also prepares to do the same with an analysis of Lowes. Home depot and Lowe’s are merchandising companies which operate in the same market including initiatives aimed at bettering customer service, attracting professional customers and creating a more favorable merchandise mix. II. Problems/Opportunities 1. Acquisition or Consolidation 1. In 1999 Lowe’s had acquired the 38-store, warehouse-format chain Eagle hardware in a $1. 3 billion transaction. 2. Home Depot had acquired the plumbing wholesale distributor Apex Supply, the specialty-lighting company Georgia Lighting, the building-repair-and-replacement-products business N-E Thing Supply Company, and the specialty-plumbing-fixtures company Your â€Å"Other† Warehouse 3. Home Depot had announced the purchased of 3 flooring companies the â€Å"When completed would instantly make Home Depot the largest turnkey supplier of flooring to the residential construction market† 2. Professional Market 2. 1 Both Home Depot and Lowe’s had recently implemented initiatives o attract professional customers more efficiently, including stocking merchandise in larger quantities, training employees to deal with professional and carrying professional brands 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Value Line Publishing 2002 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2 Home Depot had developed Home Depot Supply and the â€Å"pro Stores† to reach out the small-professional market. The company was also on the track to install professional-specific desk at 950 stores by the end of 2002. 3. International Expansion 3. Home Depot had already developed some international presence with its acquisition of the Canadian Home-improvement retailer Aikenhead in 1994m and it continued to expand its reach in the market with 11 new stores opening in 2001. More recently the company had targeted the 12. 5 billion home-improvement market in Mexico by acquiring the Mexican chain TotalHome and del Norte. By the end of 2001, 10% of Home Depot’s stores were located outside the United States. Lowe’s did not yet have an international presence. 4. Alternative Retail Format 4. Lowe’s specifically targeted the professional customer with a section of its Web site: â€Å"Accent Style† offered decorating and design tips on such subjects as kitchens and baths. 4,2 Home Depot was developing new retail formats for urban centers. These â€Å"urban† store provided Home Depot products and services in a compact format. 4. 3 Lowe’s published creative Ideas, Garden Club and Woodworker’s Club magazines to target custom2ers with certain hobbies. 5. Alternative Products 5. 1 Both Home Depot and Lowe’s were expanding into installation services. The â€Å"at-home† business for Home Depot was currently at $3 billion. 5. 2 Home Depot expected its at-home business to grow at an annual rate of 30% in the near term. 6. Head to Head competition 6. 1 Home Depot had traditionally focused on large metropolitan areas, while Lowe’s had concentrated on rural areas. To maintain its growth trajectory, Lowe’s had begun systematic expansion into metropolitan markets. 6. 2 The investment community was becoming increasingly concerned about the eventuality of increased price competition. III. Relevant Facts/ Data 1. Carrie Galeotafiore supports the changes proposed by the new Home Depot CEO and that would play a role in improving Home Depots financial health in the home center and building industry. 2. Galeotafiore supports her by mentioning a number of sources that would help the growth of the two companies. She mentions the recent consolidation throughout the building industry with both Lowes and Home Depot acquiring several smaller companies. 3. Lowes and Home Depot have done well by going beyond the traditional home center and offering alternatives such as sales online and one stop design shopping. Both Home Depot and Lowes have entered the same metropolitan markets and have created competition that some worry may cause price wars. Home Depot has expanded to international markets, but Lowes has not. 4. Home Depots CEO has planned to turn Home Depot around and make it competitive. In the process he will increase stock prices. His goal is to make store operations efficient and cut costs. Additionally, he will have systems to increase movement of stock so less kept sitting around. He will put focus on improving customer service, which has been weak, to hopefully increase sales. 5. An analysis of the financial ratios for Home Depot and Lowes shows information that both supports and disproves Galeotafiores forecasts. First is the Working Capital Ratio. After examination of both financial statements, it displays that both have a healthy amount of working capital and both with working capital growing yearly. Working capital for both have doubled in over five years and indicates growth in the industry. IV. Recommendation/ Rationale

Regulating the Financial System an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Regulating the Financial System Enron was created 1985 as a merger between Huston Natural Gas and InterWorth (BBC News, 2001). It was a company first credited with supposedly trading energy as a commodity like oil and memory chips. In August 14, 2001, Fortune magazine counted Enron as one of the top 10 stocks poised to grow for the next decade. According to BBC News, the company grew from naught to billions of dollars in just 15 years, a fact celebrated with numerous awards and approbation. At the end of 2000, Enrons stock was trading at about $78, but by late November of the following year, the accounting scandal was unfolding and the stock was bid down to a mere $4.01 (Ackman, 2001). Need essay sample on "Regulating the Financial System" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Although many attribute the fall of Enron to have begun with investors pulling out money from company shares, the first suspicion was cast in the summer of 2000. According to Parry (2006), an employee of Southern California Edison wrote a memo to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission noting that certain energy industry players, including Enron, were manipulating the distribution grid to cut off supply and artificially run energy prices up. California was in turmoil as rolling blackouts plagued the deregulated state. Washington turned a deaf ear and refused to alleviate an ailing market that saw energy prices increase 800 percent. The Bush administration defended its position by stating that price caps do nothing to the present levels of supply and demand, and would simply dampen investor interest. A price cap was eventually implemented but Enron had already managed to accumulate hundreds of millions in excess profit. In that same summer, Enron unveiled a natural gas power plant in Dabhol, India. The power plant, however, presumably with a take or pay agreement with the Indian government, produced and sold electricity at a price many times over the norm. Enron demanded of the Indian government a $250 million payment for the electricity or to purchase Enrons share in the plant amounting to $2.3 billion (Parry, 2006). When the Indian government refused payment, the Bush administration stepped in, pressuring India to make the payment through a series of meetings, negations and, finally, an official warning. In August 15, 2001, Sherron Watkins, an Enron vice president, started reaching for the whistle, as she noted that Raptor, a subsidiary intended to hide losses, owed Enron about $700 million and had could not quite trace out the money (CNN, 2002). She warned other executives and attempted to clarify the accounting anomalies apparently racking the company, but could not secure a proper answer. By December of that year, Wallstreet was caught up bailing out; making the companys stock worth virtually nothing, and forcing Enron to file for bankruptcy. Coincident to the years leading to Enrons Chapter 11, executive compensation was increasing at an exponential rate (Schifferes, 2003). In 1998, the total compensation package for Enrons top 200 executives totaled only $193 million. In 1999 and 2000, the total compensation package made substantial increases to $401 million and $1.4 billion, respectively. According to Schifferes, a large chunk of the compensation package was in the form of stock options, wherein the beneficiary has the right to purchase the companys stock at a fixed price. This provided incentive for the company to boost stock prices. The companys executives methods included artificially jacking energy prices in California and pursuing over priced projects such as the Dabhol power plant, which respectively led to inflated revenue and asset figures. At the same time, subsidiaries such as Raptor were used to hide loss generating activities. The combined effects were inflated earnings reports, and fat payoffs to executive s through exercised stock options. The collapse of Enron brought about $60 billion in losses for the investing public (Thomas, 2002). The company also had more than 20,000 employees that lost their jobs, not to mention numerous pensioners, with substantially all of their working lives already spent, lost their only means of support. With the fall of Enron also came the fall of one of the largest accounting firms in the US Arthur Andersen. The accounting firm served as auditor and consultant for the multi-billion dollar company and is largely held responsible for concealing Enrons nefarious accounting practices. According to Cathy Thomas (2002), about a third of Andersens 2,300 clients quickly fled and turned to other firms for auditing services. The job loss was also apparent in the accounting firm as it sold portions of its business and reduced workforce numbers from 26,000 in the US to a mere 5,000.In the wake of Enrons fall, the US capital markets turned cautious and indecisive. Pellegrini (2002) dubbed it the Enr on Effect. His first case and point came on January 24, 2002 when Alan Greenspan had encouraging words that the worst is over, and strong performances from Nokia and Siebel put several market indexes much higher up during the morning session but cut any gain in half by the afternoon. He further reports that the first trading week of 2002, the Dow plunged some 20 percent as the Justice Department opened criminal investigations for the Enron Scandal. One could argue that the timid stance of the Bush administration in placing a price cap on Californias energy price, and the administrations aggressive stance with respect to the Dabhol project can be viewed as factors enabling Enron to pursue overstated earnings. However, the issue is muddled by viewing the administrations stance as advancing capitalism and advocating nationalistic interests. What is clear is that legislation is needed to bridge the gap between the investing publics information requirements and public companies that they entrust with hard earned money. The government quickly moved to pass the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 as a means of curbing unethical accounting practices. A special feature in this piece of legislation is the inclusion of Section 401. Under this section, corporations subject to the act are required to report off-balance sheet transactions that can materially affect the companys financial condition. These off-balance sheet transactions include guarantee contracts (e.g. take-or-pay), interests in assets transferred to subsidiaries, obligations brought about by derivative instruments such as forward agreements, and any material interest in unconsolidated subsidiaries and special purpose vehicles (SEC, 2003). Aside from additional reportorial requirements for subject companies, the act was also meant to have some teeth. Section 1102 places a stiff penalty for tampering with records or serving as an impediment to investigations. The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 was further amended thru Section 1106 to have steeper criminal liabilities. Some believe that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has done its share to curb corrupt accounting practices. There have been major restatements over the years and companies have been more transparent as a result of the Act. However, Siegel, a member of the Center for Financial Research and Analysis, believes that companies are now focusing on non-accounting metrics (Bloomberg, 2005). While earnings can be manipulated, analysts find that cash flows and other non-accounting metrics can be less subject to management control. The trouble is, some companies can throw these non-accounting metrics toward analysts to justify or mask poor results. The question therefore remains as to whether passing the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has been effective as a safeguard for investors as corporate behavior remains the same. References Ackman, D. (2001, November 27). Enron in free fall. Forbes. BBC News (2001, November 28). Rise and fall of an energy giant. BBC News. CNN Student News (2002, February 14). Enrons Watkins warned Lay. CNN. Parry, R. (2006, May 26). Bushs Enron lies. ConsortiumNews.com. Pellegrini, F (2002, January 24). The Enron effect. Time.